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Monday 31 July 2017

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

July 31, 2017 0 Comments
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
• Since both the PDCCH and PDSCH share the available resources in every subframe (Transmit Time Interval -TTI of 1ms duration), the number of simultaneous users (a measure of capacity) who can be served in a cell will be limited by the availability of PDCCH resources.
• PDSCH throughput is inversely proportional to the PDCCH size (or resources). That is, the smaller the resources reserved for PDCCH the larger the resources available for PDSCH which means higher throughput is achieved in the TTI.
• Where PDCCH occupies larger resources due to the requirement of higher number of users to be served which means large capacity. Now, PDSCH is left with lesser resources to carry data leading to lower throughput. From the above discussion we see that LTE provides us with a handle to leverage either capacity or throughput every TTI as the scenario may warrant.

• The key to this kind of leverage is through the use of the PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel). The PCFICH provides the information about the PDCCH resources (number of OFDMA symbols) in the present TTI or subframe.


LTE
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Sunday 30 July 2017

Scientists cautioned that before rolling out 5G technologies that use these frequencies

July 30, 2017 0 Comments
Scientists cautioned that before rolling out 5G technologies that use these frequencies

Israeli research studies presented at an international conference reveal that the same electromagnetic frequencies used for crowd control weapons form the foundation of the latest network – branded as 5G – that will tie together more than 50 billion devices as part of the Internet of Things.

  Current investigations of wireless frequencies in the millimeter and submillimeter range confirm that these waves interact directly with human skin, specifically the sweat glands. Dr. Ben-Ishai of the Department of Physics, Hebrew University, Israel recently detailed how human sweat ducts act like an array of helical antennas when exposed to these wavelengths. Scientists cautioned that before rolling out 5G technologies that use these frequencies, research on human health effects needed to be done first to ensure the public and environment are protected.
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Green Bank: The Town With No Cell Phones, Wi-Fi or Radio

July 30, 2017 0 Comments
Green Bank: The Town With No Cell Phones, Wi-Fi or Radio
Green Bank: The Town With No Cell Phones, Wi-Fi or Radio
Green Bank, in Pocahontas County in West Virginia, the United States, is possibly one of the quietest residential places on earth. There is no cell phone reception here, no Wi-Fi, not even radio and television. But Green Bank is not technologically backward. On the contrary, it’s home to the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope on earth – the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT), operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The GBT is the reason why this town is electromagnetically silent.


Radio telescopes work by detecting electromagnetic waves that come from distant galaxies. These signals are so faint that the slightest emission of radio waves from electronic gadgets can interfere with the readings of the radio telescopes. For this reason, all cell phones, Wi-Fi, radio and other communication devices are outlawed here. There are no cell phone towers for miles around, no music plays on the radio or soap operas on the television. Not even petrol cars are allowed because gasoline engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture, and electric sparks produce electromagnetic waves.
The boundaries of the device-free zone extend far beyond Green Bank, covering an area roughly equal to 13,000–square-mile. This region is called the National Radio Quiet Zone, and is located around the sparsely populated countryside that straddles the borders of West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland. Almost all types of radio transmissions and certain electronic devices are banned here so that the powerful Green Bank Radio Telescopes can work without disturbance. Green Bank happens to be the closest community to the Green Bank Telescope.
The tech-free life in Green Bank may seem impossible for those who can’t live without their cell phones, but for the 140-odd residents of the town, life is a bliss. Kids aren't glued to the glowing screens of their mobile devices. They actually talk to each other instead of texting. Older residents roll down their car windows to greet each other and leave their front doors unlocked. If they must speak to someone out of town, there are pay phones.
Living under the shadow of the giant telescope, some of the residents are not even aware of the technological advances elsewhere.
"We didn't realize the rest of the world was getting connected and staying connected constantly, via phones and computers and all that," said radio host Caleb Diller, who grew up in Pocahontas County, to NPR. "So we were kinda back in time a little bit. We hadn't progressed to that."
Over the last few years, many people have taken up residence in Green Bank. These people claim to suffer from electromagnetic hypersensitivity, or EHS—a disease not recognized by the scientific community. It’s said that people suffering from EHS get symptoms like dizziness, nausea, rashes, irregular heartbeat, weakness, and chest pains from electromagnetic radiations.
“Life isn’t perfect here,” said Diane Schou, one of the first “electrosensitive” immigrant who came to Green Bank with her husband in 2007. “There’s no grocery store, no restaurants, no hospital nearby. But here, at least, I'm healthy. I can do things. I'm not in bed with a headache all the time.”
Sources: Slate / NBC News / Nat Geo / Washingtonian via Presurfer
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an opportunity with our organization in Africa for Network Implementation

July 30, 2017 0 Comments
an opportunity with our organization in Africa for Network Implementation
Greetings !
We have an opportunity with our organization in Africa for Network Implementation

Organization : Innovis Telecom
Location : Africa

Skills Required : 
Installation,Integration,Commissioning,Testing,Operation&Maintenanceof NokiaBTS, Ultra Indoor, Outdoors.
Nokia BTS (Flexi BTS ) Installation & Commissioning.
.Nokia Flexi Hybrid Microwave (Installation & Commissioning).
.Nokia Node-B Installation & Commissioning, & Site Integration.
.Nokia Node-B FSMC,FSMD Installation &,fsmf Installation & Commissioning
Implementation and commissioning of BTS.
• Integration of Nokia BTS
• Implementation and commissioning of Minilink.
• Alignment of Microwave antennas.
• Responsible for the AT (Alarm testing) of the site.
• patching of the all the alarm cables and AT (alarm testing) of the equipment
PTID Certification 

Interested candidate can send their resume at neha.kumari@innovis.in along with the details : 

Name : 
Experience: 
Cr.CTC : 
EXP CTC : 
Notice period : 
Passport :
Open to relocate : 
Any gap in Education : 
Any gap in Career : 
PAN number : 
Thanks and Regards
Neha Kumari
0124 4084694
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Saturday 29 July 2017

How to pass CCNA Exam in First Attempt

July 29, 2017 2 Comments
How to pass CCNA Exam in First Attempt
Networking is that technology which has changed the complete face of the world by bringing everyone and everything together. This technology made the biggest impact and has changed many lives in different ways possible.


When an aspirant plans to put a foot forward into this field, CCNA is that one certification he needs to earn to push his career forward. CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. It is one of associate level certification of Cisco that lays the foundation of Networking for any Networking aspirant.
Cisco, being a giant of Networking Industry has catered to organizations demands of skilled Networkers by bringing its own certifications into the market. The skills and logics of the Networker can be checked by his/ her certification since Cisco Certifications are one of the most trusted certification. Why? Unlike other certifications; they are difficult to earn and they have set a benchmark in terms of quality.
There are 10 Cisco certifications of Associate level in different domains; Routing and Switching, Collaboration, Security, Data Center, Cyber Ops, Service Provider, Industrial, Cloud, Design, and Wireless. Routing and Switching being the most basic of them.
CCNA Certified Associates are those networkers who have laid the foundation of networking in their respective domains. Are you planning to start your career in networking domain then you may need to check details about CCNA training.
CertificationFees
CCNA Routing and Switching295 USD
Other CCNA250 USD
Seemingly easy to look forward to, CCNA Certifications are not that easy. After resolving doubts of many, we have decided to help everyone out by giving tips on How to pass CCNA Exam easy way.

7 Amazing tips and tricks to pass the Cisco CCNA examination?

  1. Look for the practice questions on web
There are plenty of practice questions on CCNA available on web in every domain. Do some research and practice on them. This will help you in many things. For instance, you can formulate the concepts into questions. You get to know what all is needed to answer the question and how much you need to write.
This will also help you in learning the concepts and who knows, your luck might shine and the questions repeat itself.


  1. Lab Practice
In the world of Networking, nothing can be learned without practicing in Lab. There is only one Mantra to be a good Networker. That is, Study à Lab à Learn and repeat.
cisco-tracks-2
Nothing can beat this. For every topic you read, for every concept you understand; it cannot be learned until you practice it in your Cisco training Lab on real Cisco devices. It is impossible to do Networking without its practical approach as every concept needs to be understood to remember.
Every CCNA Certification requires 1 to 2 hour of rigorous hands-on session on real Cisco devices.
  1. Reading Material
Yes, there is plenty of material available on the web from where you can learn about CCNA and its concepts. But nothing can beat Cisco Press books and your handwritten notes from your training classes.
Different books lead you to spend more time on reading and understanding rather than learning and practicing. Having one reliable source makes the entire process easy. Your handwritten notes will let you revise everything and make a picture in your mind which will help you in learning the concepts.
You can always expand your learning by adapting to new books and new process. But, make sure not to waste your time in collecting them and not reading them.
  1. Glossary in books
Do read glossaries in books. These points and their definitions will help you in a great deal in answering questions in CCNA Examination. They make the understanding of each question much easier.
  1. Exam Formats
Look for CCNA Exam formats online. These formats have the entire CCNA examination Paper saying how much percentage of questions will weigh for each topic, how much percentage of questions from sub-topics, etc. The entire format is given in detail.
These formats will plan your preparation and help you understand that how much time you need to spend on each topic while preparing yourself for the examination. What all topics you need to learn by heart and what all topics you can ignore (though we don’t suggest this). Mainly, this gives you a plan of action.
  1. Mocks tests and Simulation Practice
Attempt for mock tests online. There are many websites on web where you can examine yourself for CCNA Certification. Why and How can this help?
This will help you understand how well you can prepare in time-tested situation. Can you complete your examination on time or are you lagging behind? Also, this will give you a glimpse of how a real-time Cisco Examination would be like and you can prepare accordingly.
Simulation practice is highly essential for Cisco Examination as the majority of the questions will come for simulations only.
  1. Most Important Topics
Networking is a vast field that covers everything, but there are few topics which need to be on tips of Networking aspirants to clear Cisco CCNA Certification. These concepts include TCP/ IP Model, OSI Model, different protocols and Data Flow.
The majority of the examination will be covered from these topics only. So, it would be intelligent to keep them in the priority of your learning list.

These points will help you pass CCNA Exam easy way. But don’t forget that hard work and dedication give sweet fruits as well. Put them as much as you can.
Cisco CCNA Examinations are not difficult examinations to clear if you put your heart to it. All it needs are meticulous efforts and lucrative study.
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AT&T launches 5G trial with DIRECTV NOW in Austin

July 29, 2017 0 Comments

On June 27, AT&T launched its second fixed wireless 5G trial together with Ericsson and Intel in Austin, Texas. Using Ericsson’s 5G radio access network (RAN) and the Intel 5G Mobile Trial Platform, AT&T is delivering an ultra-fast internet connection to residential, small business and enterprise locations. Trial participants get access to faster broadband services and can stream live TV via DIRECTV NOW over a fixed wireless 5G signal.
AT&T expects the trial will provide speeds up to 1 gigabit per second using millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. Although 5G standards are still being finalized, AT&T is working with Ericsson and Intel to ensure it is ready to deliver 5G services as early as late 2018.

“The technology behind 5G is important. But it’s also about advancing social trends like mobile video streaming,” said Marachel Knight, senior vice president, Wireless Network Architecture and Design, AT&T. “In Austin, we’re testing DIRECTV NOW over ultra-fast internet speeds at a variety of locations. The network of the future will help redefine what connectivity means to both consumers and businesses. This trial helps show that the new reality is coming fast.”
AT&T’s fixed wireless trial will last several months, and Ericsson will continue to work with the operator to lay the groundwork for a smooth transition to 5G.
“Ericsson is working with AT&T and other leading operators and ecosystem players to drive the realization of 5G – both with today’s pre-standard field trials and through standardization activities with global standards bodies and industry groups,” said Joakim Sorelius, Head of 5G Radio, Business Area Networks at Ericsson. “This trial takes us a step closer to 5G commercialization, validating the technology and exploring the potential for outdoor-to-indoor mmWave coverage for residential and business customers.”
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Vodafone UK selects Ericsson technology to evolve London network

July 29, 2017 0 Comments
  • Ericsson has been selected to provide Massive MIMO and Carrier aggregation technology to help Vodafone UK evolve its 4G network in southern England
  • In addition, Ericsson has been selected to provide Vodafone UK with 5G Radio technology to prepare for the introduction of 5G in the region

Vodafone UK has selected Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) to evolve its 4G networks in London and southern England using technologies such as Massive MIMO and Carrier Aggregation, which will help deliver improved capacity and end-user performance.
Massive MIMO technology utilizes advanced antenna arrays to improve the quality of radio signals and capacity, while Carrier Aggregation combines different cellular frequencies to increase capacity and user data rates.
The scope of the agreement includes technology trials, product validation and commercial deployment, as well as professional services.
Jorge Fernandes, Technology Director, Vodafone UK, says: “We are continually enhancing our network to optimize performance and give our customers the best possible experience. We will continue to expand our 4G network and develop greater capabilities for our customers. We look forward to continuing to work with Ericsson in order to achieve our goals.”
Arun Bansal, Head of Europe and Latin America, Ericsson, says: “We are working with Vodafone UK to evolve its 4G network and test new 5G technologies. Together we will enable ubiquitous connectivity for their users that enable entirely new experiences, as well as monitoring and control of IoT in real time.” 
Ericsson and Vodafone have also signed a memorandum of understanding that will cover the following areas of collaboration:

  • 4G evolution, 5G radio non-standalone and standalone;
  • 5G site deployment scenarios;
  • NR simulations: 3.5 GHz and mmWave;
  • 5G use-cases: business case study and proof of concept;
  • distributed cloud and network slicing proof of concept: end-to-end latency and cloud- optimized network applications;
  • collaboration with King’s College London; and
  • 5G innovation: Technology Incubation Programme.
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Reliance Jio effect: Now Idea Cellular mulls 4G VoLTE nationwide launch

July 29, 2017 0 Comments
Reliance Jio effect: Now Idea Cellular mulls 4G VoLTE nationwide launch
Key Highlights
  • Idea is mulling over VoLTE nationwide launch with Nokia and Ericsson.
  • Data usage on the 4G network increased to 67.6 billion MB in Q1FY18.
  • Idea’s 4G network utilization was below 30% in Q1.

Idea Cellular on Thursday posted a net loss of Rs 815 crore for the first quarter ended June 30, 2017. To stop the Reliance Jio onslaught, Idea said that it will launch VoLTE on its 4G network by calendar year 2018. 
The telecom arm of the Aditya Birla Group may be in talks with telecom gear vendors like Ericsson and Nokia, a report by TelecomTalk said.
During a conference call with investors on Tuesday, India’s telecom major Bharti Airtelalso spoke about launching VoLTE services in India by 2018.
Currently only Reliance Jio has a nationwide presence of VoLTE services in India.
Reliance Jio effect: Now Idea Cellular mulls 4G VoLTE nationwide launch
In its Q1FY18 result announcement, Idea Cellular said it will deploy 4G network using 2300 Mhz and 2500 MHz spectrum band in five of its markets in FY18.
“The planned deployment of 2300 MHz and 2500 MHz spectrum band in 5 of its leadership markets during the current financial year will further boost Idea’s 4G capacity in these key markets,” Idea said.
Idea reported a consolidated net loss of Rs 815.9 crore in Q1FY18.
“The upheaval in the Indian wireless industry continued in Q1FY18, despite the new entrant slowly migrating from ‘free services’ to ‘paid services’ but with heavily discounted unlimited voice and data pricing plans,” the company said.
The company’s total mobile data users on Idea network declined from 4.22 crore in Q4FY17 to 3.81 crore in Q1FY18, the company said.
Data usage on the 4G network increased to 67.6 billion MB in Q1FY18.
“Despite such accelerated growth in 4G data volume, Idea’s 4G network utilization (excluding still to be deployed 2300MHz and 2500MHz capacity spectrum) remains below 30%,” the company said.
The company claimed it added 5724 new 4G cell sites and 1608 new 3G cell sites in the first quarter.
Number of 2G cell sites declined from 131,486 in the fourth quarter to 131,059 in the quarter.
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Friday 28 July 2017

LTE Engineer 4G/4G+

July 28, 2017 0 Comments
LTE Engineer 4G/4G+

Client of G.Gheewala



Exp 3 - 5 yearslocation Qatar

Job Descriptiom

Bachelor in Telecommunication/ Electrical/Electronic Engineering or equivalent.
- Minimum 3 to 5years of experience in LTE
4G Network, Deployment Testing , configuration
Drive Test, VoLTE,
- Minimum 3 years' experience in trouble-shooting.
- Fluent in English




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Saudi based company is hiring RF Planning & optimization Engineer

July 28, 2017 0 Comments
Saudi based company is hiring RF Planning & optimization Engineer

Our client is a Saudi based company, with offices in Riyadh and Jeddah, supplying, installing, testing & commissioning of telecom systems and are the representative for Motorola and other international vendors.

They plan to recruit from India an RF Engineer to be based in Saudi Arabia who will be responsible for site survey and designing to improve indoor radio coverage:

Key Responsibilities:
- RF Planning & optimization 
- Scope, define & design solution offerings; driving end-to-end technical solutions
- Work with core team on list of potential activities & solutions
- Support deployment of solution 

Key Skills:
- 5+ years of relevant experience
- Knowledge of test equipment usage like Spectrum analyzer, DSO, Network analyzer etc.
- Good in documentation and quality process
- Experience in component selection, performance testing, design analysis 
- Familiar with NEMO Software
- TETRA Knowledge will be an advantage

Qualification: BE / B.Tech - Electronics & Communication

Location: Saudi Arabia

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Thursday 27 July 2017

Download Resource Block Excel Sheet

July 27, 2017 2 Comments
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FDD frame structure

July 27, 2017 0 Comments
—FDD frame structure



—One frame is 10ms and it consists of 10 sub-frames.
—One LTE sub frame is 1ms and contains 2 slots
—One slot is 0.5ms in time domain and each 0.5ms assignment can contain N resource.
—One resource block is 0.5ms and contains 12 subcarriers for each OFDM symbol in frequency domain.
—There are 7 symbols (normal cyclic prefix) per time slot in the time domain or 6 symbols in long cyclic prefix for LTE.
Cyclic prefix is nothing but guard timer. It is used to make successful receiving of OFDM symbol at receiver side. There are two types cyclic prefix has been introduced in lte namely "Normal cyclic prefix" and "Extended cyclic prefix". Usually normal cyclic prefix is sufficient to suppress the multi-path delay spread. But some places(hilly areas) multi-path delay is significantly high. So to suppress multi-path delay in hilly area's extended cyclic prefix is being used.



Download Resourse Block Excel

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Incident Manager Vacancy in huawei

July 27, 2017 0 Comments
Incident Manager Vacancy in huawei

Incident Manager Vacancy
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Be responsible for overall incident handling meeting SLA;
- Be responsible for improve effectiveness and efficiency of incident handling;
- Oversees the incident resolution initiatives and the interaction between the 1st Line and 2nd Line Support teams (BEP / AMS / IMS)
- Ensure the SLA of incident resolution commitment by developing effective and timely 
incident workaround solution
- Grant approval of problem identified from the analysis of incident history
- Submit knowledge of incident resolution records

Job Specification (Education, Experience, Skills & Others)
- Bachelor / Advanced degree in Computer Science, Information Technology or related disciplines
- Experience : 5 years + of IT work experience combined with at least 3 years experience managing BSS projects
- Extensive knowledge of Telco systems and ability to identify system faults
- Understanding of SLA, metrics and targets for Incident resolution
- Fluency in English (written and verbal)

Interested candidates send their updated resume to egyptcareers@huawei.com and mention the job title (Incident Manager Vacancy) in the mail subject.
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LTE Architecture and Interfaces Overview

July 27, 2017 EnodrB , LTE 3 Comments
LTE/SAE Network Architecture/Interfaces.
—What is LTE？
◦ LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
◦ The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and the correlated core network will evolved to SAE (System Architecture Evolution).


What can LTE do？
p  Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz.
p  Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 100Mbps for downlink and 50Mbps for uplink.
p  Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph).
p  Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP.
p  Lower cost due to simple system structure.

LTE/SAE Network Architecture


LTE Interfaces
—S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
—S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunneling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
—S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state.
—S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunneling.
—S5:- It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
—S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS.
—Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
—S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
—S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
—S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer.
—S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
—S12:- Interface Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunneling when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
—S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
—SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
—SGs:- Reference point between MSC and MME for CSFB procedure. 


Functional Split between E-UTRAN and EPC 
The E-NodeB functions:
◦Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling);
◦IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
◦Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined
from the information provided by the UE;
◦Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
◦Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);
◦Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M);
◦Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling; 

The MME  (Mobility Management Entity):
◦NAS signalling;
◦NAS signalling security;
◦Idle mode UE Reachability (including control and execution of paging retransmission);
◦Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode);
◦PDN GW and Serving GW selection;
◦MME selection for handovers with MME change;
◦SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks;
◦Roaming;
◦Authentication;
◦Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment;
◦deals with the control plane. It handles the signaling related to mobility and security for E-UTRAN access.
The Serving Gateway (S-GW) hosts the following functions:
—The gateways (Serving GW and PDN GW) deal with the user plane. They transport the IP data traffic between the User Equipment (UE) and the external networks.
The Serving GW is the point of interconnect between the radio-side and the EPC. As its name indicates, this gateway serves the UE by routing the incoming and outgoing IP packets.
—Packet routeing and forwarding;
The PDN Gateway (P-GW) hosts the following functions:
—The PDN GW is the point of interconnect between the EPC and the external IP networks. These networks are called PDN (Packet Data Network), hence the name. The PDN GW routes packets to and from the PDNs.
—The PDN GW also performs various functions such as IP address / IP prefix allocation or policy control and charging.


HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
—The HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is the concatenation of the HLR (Home Location Register) and the AUC (Authentication Center) – two functions being already present in pre-IMS 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS networks. The HLR part of the HSS is in charge of storing and updating when necessary the database containing all the user subscription information, including (list is non exhaustive):
—· User identification and addressing – this corresponds to the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) and MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number) or mobile telephone number.
—· User profile information – this includes service subscription states and user-subscribed Quality of Service information (such as maximum allowed bit rate or allowed traffic class).
—The AUC part of the HSS is in charge of generating security information from user identity keys. This security information is provided to the HLR and further communicated to other entities in the network. Security information is mainly used for:
—· Radio path ciphering and integrity protection, to ensure data and signaling transmitted between the network and the terminal is neither eavesdropped nor altered.
The PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function)
— The PCRF server manages the service policy and sends QoS setting information for each user session and accounting rule information.
—Provide QoS information to packet gateway 
—Dynamically manage and control data sessions. Example: For VoIP session, PCRF will initiate dedicated bearer dynamically
—Determine charging policy for packets.
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